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			<DIV class="dablink">"RGB" redirects here. For the red giant branch in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</A>, see <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red giant</A>.</DIV>
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<TD class="mbox-text" style="">This article <B>needs additional <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</A>.</B><BR>
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A representation of additive color mixing. Projection of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</A> lights on a screen shows secondary colors where two overlap; the combination of all three of red, green, and blue in appropriate intensities makes white.</DIV>
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An RGB image, along with its separate R, G and B components; Note that the white snow consists of strong red, green, and blue; the brown barn is composed of strong red and green with little blue; the dark green grass consists of strong green with little red or blue; and the light blue sky is composed of strong blue and moderately strong red and green.</DIV>
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<P>The <B>RGB color model</B> is an <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive color model</A> in which <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</A>, and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</A> light are added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</A>. The name of the model comes from the initials of the three <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color#Additive_primaries" title="Primary color">additive primary colors</A>, red, green, and blue.</P>
<P>The main purpose of the RGB color model is for the sensing, representation, and display of images in electronic systems, such as televisions and computers, though it has also been used in conventional <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</A>. Before the electronic age, the RGB color model already had a solid theory behind it, based in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromatic_color_vision" title="Trichromatic color vision" class="mw-redirect">human perception of colors</A>.</P>
<P>RGB is a <I>device-dependent</I> color space: different devices detect or reproduce a given RGB value differently, since the color elements (such as phosphors or dyes) and their response to the individual R, G, and B levels vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, or even in the same device over time. Thus an RGB value does not define the same <I>color</I> across devices without some kind of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">color management</A>.</P>
<P>Typical RGB input devices are color <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">TV and video cameras</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanners</A>, and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</A>. Typical RGB output devices are TV sets of various technologies (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display_television" title="Liquid crystal display television" class="mw-redirect">LCD</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma</A>, etc.), <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display" title="Computer display" class="mw-redirect">computer</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</A> displays, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projectors</A>, multicolor <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED" title="LED" class="mw-redirect">LED</A> displays, and large screens as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JumboTron" title="JumboTron">JumboTron</A>, etc. Color printers, on the other hand, are not RGB devices, but <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</A> devices (typically <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</A>).</P>
<P>This article discusses concepts common to all the different color spaces that use the RGB color model, which are used in one implementation or another in color image-producing technology.</P>
<TABLE id="toc" class="toc">
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<H2>Contents</H2>
 <SPAN class="toctoggle">[<A id="togglelink" class="internal" href="javascript:toggleToc()">hide</A>]</SPAN></DIV>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Additive_primary_colors"><SPAN class="tocnumber">1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Additive primary colors</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Physical_principles_for_the_choice_of_red.2C_green.2C_and_blue"><SPAN class="tocnumber">2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Physical principles for the choice of red, green, and blue</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#History_of_RGB_color_model_theory_and_usage"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">History of RGB color model theory and usage</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Photography"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Photography</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Television"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Television</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Personal_computers"><SPAN class="tocnumber">3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Personal computers</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_devices"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB devices</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_and_displays"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB and displays</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Video_electronics"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Video electronics</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Video_framebuffer"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Video framebuffer</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Nonlinearity"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.1.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Nonlinearity</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_and_cameras"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB and cameras</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_and_scanners"><SPAN class="tocnumber">4.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB and scanners</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Numeric_representations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">5</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Numeric representations</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Geometric_representation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">6</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Geometric representation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Digital_representations"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Digital representations</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#The_24-bit_RGB_representation"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">The 24-bit RGB representation</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Beyond_the_24-bit_RGB"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Beyond the 24-bit RGB</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#32-bit_graphic_mode"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">32-bit graphic mode</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#32-bit_graphic_mode_with_simple_video_overlay"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">32-bit graphic mode with simple video overlay</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#32-bit_RGBA_.28RGB_plus_alpha_channel.29"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">32-bit RGBA (RGB plus alpha channel)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#48-bit_RGB"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.2.4</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">48-bit RGB</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Limited_representations_below_24-bit_RGB"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Limited representations below 24-bit RGB</SPAN></A>
<UL>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#16-bit_RGB_.28Highcolor.29"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3.1</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">16-bit RGB (Highcolor)</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_arrangements_for_8-bit_indexed_color"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3.2</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB arrangements for 8-bit indexed color</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#3-bit_RGB"><SPAN class="tocnumber">7.3.3</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">3-bit RGB</SPAN></A></LI>
</UL>
</LI>
</UL>
</LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Colors_in_web-page_design"><SPAN class="tocnumber">8</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Colors in web-page design</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Color_management"><SPAN class="tocnumber">9</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">Color management</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#RGB_model_and_luminance.E2.80.93chrominance_formats_relationship"><SPAN class="tocnumber">10</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">RGB model and luminance–chrominance formats relationship</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#See_also"><SPAN class="tocnumber">11</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">See also</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#References"><SPAN class="tocnumber">12</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">References</SPAN></A></LI>
<LI class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#External_links"><SPAN class="tocnumber">13</SPAN> <SPAN class="toctext">External links</SPAN></A></LI>
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<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Additive primary colors">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Additive_primary_colors">Additive primary colors</SPAN></H2>
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<P>To form a color with RGB, three colored light beams (one red, one green, and one blue) must be superimposed (for example by emission from a black screen, or by reflection from a white screen). Each of the three beams is called a <I>component</I> of that color, and each of them can have an arbitrary intensity, from fully off to fully on, in the mixture.</P>
<P>The RGB color model is <I>additive</I> in the sense that the three light beams are added together, and their light spectra add, wavelength for wavelength, to make the final color's spectrum.<SUP id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-0"><SPAN>[</SPAN>1<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-1"><SPAN>[</SPAN>2<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>Zero intensity for each component gives the darkest color (no light, considered the <I>black</I>), and full intensity of each gives a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White" title="White">white</A>; the <I>quality</I> of this white depends on the nature of the primary light sources, but if they are properly balanced, the result is a neutral white matching the system's <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</A>. When the intensities for all the components are the same, the result is a shade of gray, darker or lighter depending on the intensity. When the intensities are different, the result is a colorized <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</A>, more or less <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" title="Saturation (color theory)" class="mw-redirect">saturated</A> depending on the difference of the strongest and weakest of the intensities of the primary colors employed.</P>
<P>When one of the components has the strongest intensity, the color is a hue near this primary color (reddish, greenish, or bluish), and when two components have the same strongest intensity, then the color is a hue of a <I>secondary</I> color (a shade of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</A> or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</A>). A secondary color is formed by the sum of two primary colors of equal intensity: cyan is green+blue, magenta is red+blue, and yellow is red+green. Every secondary color is the <I>complement</I> of one primary color; when a primary and its complementary secondary color are added together, the result is white: cyan complements red, magenta complements green, and yellow complements blue.</P>
<P>The RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">color model</A> itself does not define what is meant by <I>red</I>, <I>green</I>, and <I>blue</I> colorimetrically, and so the results of mixing them are not specified as absolute, but relative to the primary colors. When the exact <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticities</A> of the red, green, and blue primaries are defined, the color model then becomes an <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_color_space" title="Absolute color space">absolute color space</A>, such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB_color_space" title="SRGB color space" class="mw-redirect">sRGB</A> or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe RGB</A>; see <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_spaces" title="RGB color spaces" class="mw-redirect">RGB color spaces</A> for more details.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical principles for the choice of red, green, and blue">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Physical_principles_for_the_choice_of_red.2C_green.2C_and_blue">Physical principles for the choice of red, green, and blue</SPAN></H2>
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A set of primary colors, such as the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</A> primaries, define a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangle</A>; only colors within this triangle can be reproduced by mixing the primary colors. Colors outside the color triangle are therefore shown here as gray. The primaries and the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D65" title="D65">D65</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_point" title="White point">white point</A> of sRGB are shown.</DIV>
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<P>The choice of primary colors is related to the physiology of the human eye; good primaries are stimuli that maximize the difference between the responses of the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_cells" title="Cone cells" class="mw-redirect">cone cells</A> of the human <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">retina</A> to light of different wavelengths, and that thereby make a large <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangle</A>.<SUP id="cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-0" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-RWGHunt-2"><SPAN>[</SPAN>3<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>The normal three kinds of light-sensitive <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</A> in the human eye (cone cells) respond most to yellow (long wavelength or L), green (medium or M), and violet (short or S) light (peak wavelengths near 570 nm, 540 nm and 440 nm, respectively<SUP id="cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-1" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-RWGHunt-2"><SPAN>[</SPAN>3<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP>). The difference in the signals received from the three kinds allows the brain to differentiate a wide <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</A> of different colors, while being most sensitive (overall) to yellowish-green light and to differences between <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hues</A> in the green-to-orange region.</P>
<P>As an example, suppose that light in the orange range of wavelengths (approximately 577 nm to 597 nm) enters the eye and strikes the retina. Light of these wavelengths would activate both the medium and long wavelength cones of the retina, but not equally — the long-wavelength cells will respond more. The difference in the response can be detected by the brain and associated with the concept that the light is orange. In this sense, the orange appearance of objects is simply the result of light from the object entering our eye and stimulating the relevant kinds of cones simultaneously but to different degrees.</P>
<P>Use of the three primary colors is not sufficient to reproduce <I>all</I> colors; only colors within the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangle</A> defined by the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">chromaticities</A> of the primaries can be reproduced by additive mixing of non-negative amounts of those colors of light.<SUP id="cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-2" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-RWGHunt-2"><SPAN>[</SPAN>3<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of RGB color model theory and usage">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="History_of_RGB_color_model_theory_and_usage">History of RGB color model theory and usage</SPAN></H2>
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The first permanent color photograph, taken by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">J. C. Maxwell</A> in 1861 using three red, green, and violet-blue filters.</DIV>
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<P>The RGB color model is based on the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young&ndash;Helmholtz theory">Young–Helmholtz theory</A> of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichromatic_color_vision" title="Trichromatic color vision" class="mw-redirect">trichromatic color vision</A>, developed by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Thomas Young</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz" title="Hermann Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect">Hermann Helmholtz</A>, in the early to mid nineteenth century, and on <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</A>'s <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">color triangle</A> that elaborated that theory (circa 1860).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photography">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Photography">Photography</SPAN></H3>
<P>First experiments with RGB in early <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color photography</A> were made in 1861 by Maxwell himself, and involved the process of three color-filtered separate takes.<SUP id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-3"><SPAN>[</SPAN>4<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> To reproduce the color photograph, three matching projections over a screen in a dark room were necessary.</P>
<P>The additive RGB model and variants such as orange–green–violet were also used in the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumi&egrave;re">Autochrome Lumière</A> color plates and other screen-plate technologies such as the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joly_color_screen" title="Joly color screen">Joly color screen</A> and the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paget_process" title="Paget process">Paget process</A> in the early twentieth century. Color photography by taking three separate plates was used by other pioneers, such as Russian <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</A> in the period 1909 through 1915.<SUP id="cite_ref-loc_4-0" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-loc-4"><SPAN>[</SPAN>5<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Such methods last until about 1960 using the expensive and extremely complex <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_print" title="Carbon print">tri-color carbro</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotype" title="Autotype">Autotype</A> process.<SUP id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-5"><SPAN>[</SPAN>6<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>When employed, the reproduction of prints from three-plate photos was done by dyes or pigments using the complementary <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMY</A> model, by simply using the negative plates of the filtered takes: reverse red gives the cyan plate, and so on.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Television">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</SPAN></H3>
<P>In pre-electronics, patents on mechanically scanned color systems exist since 1889 in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</A>. The <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">color TV</A> pioneer <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</A> demonstrated the world's first RGB color transmission in 1928, and also the world's first color broadcast in 1938, in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</A>. In his experiments, scanning and displaying were made by mechanical means through spinning colorized wheels.<SUP id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-6"><SPAN>[</SPAN>7<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-7"><SPAN>[</SPAN>8<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>The <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)</A> began experimental RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">field-sequential color system</A> in 1940. Images were scanned electrically, but it still used a moving part: the transparent RGB color wheel rotating at above 1,200 rpm synchronized in front of both the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic" title="Monochromatic" class="mw-redirect">monochromatic</A> camera and the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube" class="mw-redirect">cathode-ray tube</A> (CRT) receiver counterpart.<SUP id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-8"><SPAN>[</SPAN>9<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-9"><SPAN>[</SPAN>10<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP><SUP id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-10"><SPAN>[</SPAN>11<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>The modern RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_mask" title="Shadow mask">shadow mask</A> technology for color CRT displays was patented by Werner Flechsig in Germany in 1938.<SUP id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-11"><SPAN>[</SPAN>12<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal computers">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</SPAN></H3>
<P>Early <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</A> of the late 1970s and early 1980s, such as those from <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II_series" title="Apple II series">Apple</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari_8-bit_family" title="Atari 8-bit family">Atari</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_VIC-20" title="Commodore VIC-20">Commodore</A>, did not use RGB as their main method to manage colors, but rather <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</A>. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</A> introduced a 16-color scheme (one bit each for RGB and Intensity) with the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</A> (CGA) for its first <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" title="IBM PC" class="mw-redirect">IBM PC</A> (1981), later improved with the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</A> (EGA) in 1984. The first manufacturer of a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truecolor" title="Truecolor">truecolor</A> graphic card for PCs (the TARGA) was <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truevision" title="Truevision">Truevision</A> in 1987, but was not until the arrival of the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</A> (VGA) in 1988 that RGB became popular, mainly due to the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signals</A> in the connection between the adapter and the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display" title="Computer display" class="mw-redirect">monitor</A> which allowed a very wide range of RGB colors.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: RGB devices">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_devices">RGB devices</SPAN></H2>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: RGB and displays">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_and_displays">RGB and displays</SPAN></H3>
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Cutaway rendering of a color CRT: <B>1.</B>&nbsp;Electron guns <B>2.</B>&nbsp;Electron beams <B>3.</B>&nbsp;Focusing coils <B>4.</B>&nbsp;Deflection coils <B>5.</B>&nbsp;Anode connection <B>6.</B>&nbsp;Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of displayed image <B>7.</B>&nbsp;Phosphor layer with red, green, and blue zones <B>8.</B>&nbsp;Close-up of the phosphor-coated inner side of the screen</DIV>
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RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</A> dots in a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRT_monitor" title="CRT monitor" class="mw-redirect">CRT monitor</A></DIV>
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RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-pixel" title="Sub-pixel" class="mw-redirect">sub-pixels</A> in an LCD TV (on the right: an orange and a blue color; on the left: a close-up)</DIV>
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Close-up of red, green, and blue LEDs that form a single pixel in a large scale LED screen</DIV>
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<P>One common application of the RGB color model is the display of colors on a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</A> (CRT), <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</A> (LCD), <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display" title="Plasma display">plasma display</A>, or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED" title="LED" class="mw-redirect">LED display</A> such as a television, a computer’s monitor, or a large scale screen. Each <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixel</A> on the screen is built by driving three small and very close but still separated RGB light sources. At common viewing distance, the separate sources are indistinguishable, which tricks the eye to see a given solid color. All the pixels together arranged in the rectangular screen surface conforms the color image.</P>
<P>During <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</A> each pixel can be represented in the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</A> or interface hardware (for example, a <I><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_adapter" title="Display adapter" class="mw-redirect">graphics card</A></I>) as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system">binary</A> values for the red, green, and blue color components. When properly managed, these values are converted into intensities or voltages via <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</A> to correct the inherent nonlinearity of some devices, such that the intended intensities are reproduced on the display.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Video electronics">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Video_electronics">Video electronics</SPAN></H4>
<P>RGB is also the term referring to a type of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</A> signal used in the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</A> electronics industry. It consists of three signals—red, green, and blue—carried on three separate cables/pins. Extra cables are sometimes needed to carry synchronizing signals. RGB signal formats are often based on modified versions of the RS-170 and RS-343 standards for monochrome video. This type of video signal is widely used in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</A> since it is the best quality signal that can be carried on the standard <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</A> connector. Outside Europe, RGB is not very popular as a video signal format; <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</A> takes that spot in most non-European regions. However, almost all computer monitors around the world use RGB.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video framebuffer">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Video_framebuffer">Video framebuffer</SPAN></H4>
<P>A <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</A> is a digital device for computers which stores in the so-called <I>video memory</I> (conformed by an array of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_RAM#Video_DRAM_.28VRAM.29" title="Video RAM" class="mw-redirect">Video RAM</A> or similar <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip" title="Chip">chips</A>) the digital image to be displayed on the monitor. Driven by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software" title="Software" class="mw-redirect">software</A>, the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Processing_Unit" title="Central Processing Unit" class="mw-redirect">CPU</A> or other specialized chips write the appropriate <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</A> in the video memory to conform the image, which an electronic video generator sends to the monitor. Modern systems encode pixel color values by devoting some <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</A> groupings for each of the RGB separate components. RGB information can be either carried by the pixel bits themselves or in a separate <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_look-up_table" title="Color look-up table" class="mw-redirect">Color Look-Up Table</A> (CLUT) if <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_color" title="Indexed color">indexed color</A> graphic modes are used.</P>
<P>By using an appropriate combination of red, green, and blue intensities, many colors can be displayed. Current typical <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_adapter" title="Display adapter" class="mw-redirect">display adapters</A> use up to <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-bit" title="24-bit">24-bits</A> of information for each pixel: 8-bit per component multiplied by three components (see the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#Digital_representations" title="RGB color model">Digital representations</A> section below). With this system, 16,777,216 (256<SUP>3</SUP> or 2<SUP>24</SUP>) discrete combinations of R, G and B values are allowed, providing thousands of different (though not necessarily distinguishable) <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" title="Saturation (color theory)" class="mw-redirect">saturation</A>, and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightness_(color)" title="Lightness (color)">lightness</A> shades.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nonlinearity">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Nonlinearity">Nonlinearity</SPAN></H4>
<DIV class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">Gamma correction</A></DIV>
<P>In classic <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tube</A> (CRT) devices, the brightness of a given point over the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescent" title="Phosphorescent" class="mw-redirect">phosphorescent</A> screen due to the impact of accelerated <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</A> is not proportional to the voltage applied to electrons in their RGB <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">electron guns</A>, but to an expansive function of that voltage. The amount of this deviation is known as its <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma</A> value (<SPAN class="texhtml">γ</SPAN>), the argument for a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</A> function, which closely describes this behaviour. A linear response is given by a gamma value of 1.0, but actual CRT nonlinearities have a gamma value around 2.0 to 2.5.</P>
<P>Similarly, the intensity of the output on TV and computer display devices is not directly proportional to the R, G, and B applied electric signals (or file data values which drive them thru <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-Analog_Converter" title="Digital-to-Analog Converter" class="mw-redirect">Digital-to-Analog Converters</A>—DAC). On a typical standard 2.2-gamma CRT display, an input intensity RGB value of (0.5,&nbsp;0.5,&nbsp;0.5) only outputs about 22% of that when displaying the full (1.0,&nbsp;1.0,&nbsp;1.0), instead of at 50%.<SUP id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-12"><SPAN>[</SPAN>13<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> To obtain the correct response, a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</A> is used in encoding the image data, and possibly further corrections as part of the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">color calibration</A> process of the device. Gamma affects <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</A> TV as well as color. In standard color TV, signals are already broadcast in a gamma-compensated fashion by TV stations.</P>
<P>Display technologies different from CRT (as LCD, plasma, LED, etc.) may behave nonlinearly in different ways. When they are intended to display standard TV and video shows, they are built in a such way that they behave in gamma like an older CRT TV monitor. In digital image processing, gamma correction can be applied either by the hardware or by the software packages used.</P>
<P>Other input/output RGB devices may have also nonlinear responses, depending on the technology employed. In any case, nonlinearity (whether gamma-related or not) is not part of the RGB color model in itself, although different standards that use RGB can also specify the gamma value and/or other nonlinear parameters involved.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: RGB and cameras">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_and_cameras">RGB and cameras</SPAN></H3>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/180px-Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg.png" width="180" height="117" class="thumbimage"></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><IMG src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></A></DIV>
The Bayer arrangement of color filters on the pixel array of a digital image sensor</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>In color <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camera" title="Professional video camera">television and video cameras</A> manufactured before the 1990s, the incoming light was separated by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prisms</A> and filters into the three RGB primary colors feeding each color into a separate <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">video camera tube</A> (or <I>pickup tube</I>). These tubes are a type of cathode ray tube, not to be confused with that of CRT displays.</P>
<P>With the arriving of commercially viable <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</A> (CCD) technology in the 1980s, first the pickup tubes were replaced with this kind of sensors. Later, higher scale integration electronics was applied (mainly by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</A>), simplifying and even removing the intermediate opticals, up to a point to reduce the size of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</A> for domestic use until convert them in handy and full <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</A>. Current <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcams</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</A> with cameras are the most miniaturized commercial forms of such technology.</P>
<P>Photographic <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</A> that use a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</A> or CCD <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</A> often operate with some variation of the RGB model. In a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</A> arrangement, green is given twice as many detectors as red and blue (ratio 1:2:1) in order to achieve higher <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</A> resolution than <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</A> resolution. The sensor has a grid of red, green, and blue detectors arranged so that the first row is RGRGRGRG, the next is GBGBGBGB, and that sequence is repeated in subsequent rows. For every channel, missing pixels are obtained by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</A> in the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demosaicing" title="Demosaicing">demosaicing</A> process to build up the complete image. Also, other processes used to be applied in order to map the camera RGB measurements into a standard <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_space" title="RGB color space">RGB color space</A> as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</A>.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: RGB and scanners">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_and_scanners">RGB and scanners</SPAN></H3>
<P>In computing, an <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">image scanner</A> is a device that optically scans images (printed text, handwriting, or an object) and converts it to a digital image which is transferred to a computer. Among other formats, flat, drum, and film scanners exist, and most of them support RGB color. They can be considered the successors of early <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephotography" title="Telephotography" class="mw-redirect">telephotography</A> input devices, which were able to send consecutive <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</A> as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</A> signals through standard telephonic lines to appropriate receivers; such systems were in use in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press" title="Press">press</A> since the 1920s to the mid 1990s. Color telephotographs were sent as three separated RGB filtered images consecutively.</P>
<P>Currently available scanners typically use <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</A> (CCD) or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_image_sensor" title="Contact image sensor">contact image sensor</A> (CIS) as the image sensor, whereas older drum scanners use a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier tube</A> as the image sensor. Early color film scanners used a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">halogen lamp</A> and a three-color filter wheel, so three exposures were needed to scan a single color image. Due to heating problems, the worst of them being the potential destruction of the scanned film, this technology was later replaced by non-heating light sources such as color <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED" title="LED" class="mw-redirect">LEDs</A>.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numeric representations">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Numeric_representations">Numeric representations</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_sliders.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/180px-RGB_sliders.png" width="180" height="48" class="thumbimage"></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_sliders.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><IMG src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></A></DIV>
A typical RGB color selector in graphic software. Each <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slider_(computing)" title="Slider (computing)">slider</A> ranges from 0 to 255.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P>A color in the RGB color model is described by indicating how much of each of the red, green, and blue is included. The color is expressed as an RGB triplet (<I>r</I>,<I>g</I>,<I>b</I>), each component of which can vary from zero to a defined maximum value. If all the components are at zero the result is black; if all are at maximum, the result is the brightest representable white.</P>
<P>These ranges may be quantified in several different ways:</P>
<UL>
<LI>From 0 to 1, with any fractional value in between. This representation is used in theoretical analyses, and in systems that use <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point" title="Floating-point" class="mw-redirect">floating-point</A> representations.</LI>
<LI>Each color component value can also be written as a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentage" title="Percentage">percentage</A>, from 0% to 100%.</LI>
<LI>In computing, the component values are often stored as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</A> numbers in the range 0 to 255, the range that a single 8-bit <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</A> can offer (by encoding 256 distinct values).</LI>
<LI>High-end digital image equipment can deal with the integer range 0 to 65,535 for each primary color, by employing <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit" title="16-bit">16-bit</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_size" title="Word size" class="mw-redirect">words</A> instead of 8-bit bytes.</LI>
</UL>
<P>For example, the full intensity red <FONT style="background:#FF0000" color="#FF0000">[_]</FONT> is written in the different RGB notations as:</P>
<DL>
<DD>
<DL>
<DD>
<TABLE class="wikitable">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH>Notation</TH>
<TH>RGB triplet</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Arithmetic</TD>
<TD>(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Percentage</TD>
<TD>(100%, 0%, 0%)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Digital 8-bit per channel</TD>
<TD>(255, 0, 0)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>Digital 16-bit per channel</TD>
<TD>(65535, 0, 0)</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
</DD>
</DL>
</DD>
</DL>
<P>In many environments, the component values within the ranges are not managed as linear (that is, the numbers are nonlinearly related to the intensities that they represent), as in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</A> and TV broadcasting and receiving due to <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</A>, for example.<SUP id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-13"><SPAN>[</SPAN>14<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> Linear and nonlinear transformations are often dealt with via <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</A>. Representations with only 8 bits per component are considered sufficient if gamma encoding is used,<SUP id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-14"><SPAN>[</SPAN>15<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> but sometimes even 8-bit linear is used.<SUP id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-15"><SPAN>[</SPAN>16<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geometric representation">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Geometric_representation">Geometric representation</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_color_solid_cube.png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/200px-RGB_color_solid_cube.png" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage"></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGB_color_solid_cube.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><IMG src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></A></DIV>
The RGB color model mapped to a cube. The horizontal x-axis as red values increasing to the left, y-axis as blue increasing to the lower right and the vertical z-axis as green increasing towards the top. The origin, black, is hidden behind the cube.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<DL>
<DD><I>See also <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_space" title="RGB color space">RGB color space</A></I></DD>
</DL>
<P>Since colors are usually defined by three components, not only in the RGB model, but also in other color models such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space" title="Lab color space">CIELAB</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%27UV" title="Y&#39;UV" class="mw-redirect">Y'UV</A>, among others, then a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space" title="Three-dimensional space">three-dimensional</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</A> is described by treating the component values as ordinary <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">cartesian coordinates</A> in a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_space" title="Euclidean space">euclidean space</A>. For the RGB model, this is represented by a cube using non-negative values within a 0–1 range and assigning black to the origin at the vertex (0, 0, 0), and with increasing intensity values running along the three axis up to white at the vertex (1, 1, 1), diagonally opposite black.</P>
<P>An RGB triplet (<I>r</I>,<I>g</I>,<I>b</I>) represents the three-dimensional coordinate of the point of the given color within the cube or its faces or along its edges. This approach allows computations of the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_difference" title="Color difference">color similarity</A> of two given RGB colors by simply calculating the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_distance" title="Euclidean distance">distance</A> between them: the shorter the distance, the higher the similarity. Out-of-<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</A> computations can be performed this way, too.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Digital representations">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Digital_representations">Digital representations</SPAN></H2>
<TABLE class="infobox" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;">
<TBODY><TR>
<TH style="background:#ccf;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">Pixel color depth</A></TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<P><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">1-bit monochrome</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">8-bit grayscale</A><BR></P>
<P><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit_color" title="8-bit color">8-bit color</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Color" title="High Color" class="mw-redirect">15/16-bit color (High Color)</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truecolor" title="Truecolor">24-bit color (True Color)</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Color" title="Deep Color">30/36/48/64-bit color (Deep Color)</A><BR></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TH>Related</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<P><STRONG class="selflink">RGB color model</STRONG><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_color" title="Indexed color">Indexed color</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">Palette</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors" title="Web colors">Web-safe color</A></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<DIV class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;">This box: <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Color_depth" title="Template:Color depth"><SPAN title="View this template" style="">view</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Color_depth" title="Template talk:Color depth"><SPAN title="Discuss this template" style="">talk</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Color_depth&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><SPAN title="Edit this template" style=";">edit</SPAN></A></DIV>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The RGB color model is the most common way to encode color in computing, and several different <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system">binary</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital" title="Digital">digital</A> representations are in use. The main characteristic of all of them is the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</A> of the possible values per component (technically a <I><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sample</A></I>) by using only <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integer</A> numbers within some range, usually from 0 to some power of two minus one (2<SUP><I>n</I></SUP>&nbsp;–&nbsp;1) to fit them into some <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</A> groupings.</P>
<P>As usual in computing, the values can be represented either in decimal and in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</A> notation as well, as is the case of <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">HTML colors</A> text-encoding convention.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The 24-bit RGB representation">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="The_24-bit_RGB_representation">The 24-bit RGB representation</SPAN></H3>
<P>RGB values encoded in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_palettes#24-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB palettes">24 bits per pixel</A> (bpp) are specified using three 8-bit unsigned integers (0 through 255) representing the intensities of red, green, and blue. This representation is the current mainstream standard representation for the so-called <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truecolor" title="Truecolor">truecolor</A> and common color interchange in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_formats" title="Image file formats">image file formats</A> such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</A> or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF" class="mw-redirect">TIFF</A>. It allows more than 16 million different combinations (hence the term <I>millions of colors</I> some systems use for this mode), many of them indistinguishable to the human eye.</P>
<P>The following image shows the three "fully saturated" faces of a 24-bpp RGB cube, unfolded into a plane:</P>
<TABLE>
<TBODY><TR>
<TD rowspan="3">
<UL>
<LI>(0, 0, 0) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</A></LI>
<LI>(255, 255, 255) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White" title="White">white</A></LI>
<LI>(255, 0, 0) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</A></LI>
<LI>(0, 255, 0) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</A></LI>
<LI>(0, 0, 255) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</A></LI>
<LI>(255, 255, 0) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</A></LI>
<LI>(0, 255, 255) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</A></LI>
<LI>(255, 0, 255) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</A></LI>
</UL>
</TD>
<TD>yellow<BR>
(255,255,0)</TD>
<TD align="center">green<BR>
(0,255,0)</TD>
<TD>cyan<BR>
(0,255,255)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>red<BR>
(255,0,0)</TD>
<TD><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RGBR.png" class="image"><IMG alt="RGBR.png" src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/256px-RGBR.png" width="256" height="256"></A></TD>
<TD>blue<BR>
(0,0,255)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD>
<TD align="center">red<BR>
(255,0,0)</TD>
<TD>magenta<BR>
(255,0,255)</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></TABLE>
<P>The above definition uses a convention known as <I>full-range</I> RGB. Color values are also often scaled from and to the range 0.0 through 1.0, specially they are mapped from/to other color models and/or encodings.</P>
<P>The 256 levels of a primary usually do not represent equally spaced intensities, due to <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</A>.</P>
<P>This representation cannot offer the exact mid point 127.5, nor other non-integer values, as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</A> do not hold fractional values, so these need to be rounded or truncated to a nearby integer value.<SUP id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-16"><SPAN>[</SPAN>17<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> For example, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</A> considers the color "medium gray"<SUP id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-17"><SPAN>[</SPAN>18<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> to be the (128,128,128) RGB triplet in its <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_palettes#Microsoft_Windows_default_20-color_palette" title="List of software palettes">default palette</A>. The effect of such quantization (for every value, not only the midpoint) is usually not noticeable, but may build up in repeated editing operations or colorspace conversions.<SUP id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-18"><SPAN>[</SPAN>19<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<P>Typically, RGB for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</A> is not full range. Instead, video RGB uses a convention with scaling and offsets such that (16, 16, 16) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</A>, (235, 235, 235) is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White" title="White">white</A>, etc. For example, these scalings and offsets are used for the digital RGB definition in the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">CCIR 601</A> standard.</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Beyond the 24-bit RGB">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Beyond_the_24-bit_RGB">Beyond the 24-bit RGB</SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 32-bit graphic mode">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="32-bit_graphic_mode">32-bit graphic mode</SPAN></H4>
<P>The so-called 32 bpp display graphic mode is <I>identical</I> in precision to the 24 bpp mode; there are still only eight bits per component, and the eight extra bits are often not used at all. The reason for the existence of the 32 bpp mode is the higher speed at which most modern <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit" title="32-bit">32-bit</A> (and better) hardware can access data that is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_alignment" title="Data alignment" class="mw-redirect">aligned</A> to <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_(computing)" title="Word (computing)">word</A> addresses, compared to data not so aligned.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 32-bit graphic mode with simple video overlay">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="32-bit_graphic_mode_with_simple_video_overlay">32-bit graphic mode with simple video overlay</SPAN></H4>
<P>Some graphics hardware allows the unused byte into the 32-bit mode to be used as an 8-bit <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">paletted</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_overlay" title="Video overlay">overlay</A>. A certain palette entry (often 0 or 255) is designated as being transparent, i.e., where the overlay is this value the truecolor image is shown. Otherwise the overlay value is looked up in the palette and used. This allows for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI" title="GUI" class="mw-redirect">GUI</A> elements (such as menus or the mouse cursor) or information to be overlayed over a truecolor image without modifying it. When the overlay needs to be removed, it is simply cleared to the transparent value and the truecolor image is displayed again. This feature was often found on graphics hardware for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</A> workstations in the 90s and later on some PC graphics cards (most notably those by <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrox" title="Matrox">Matrox</A>). However, PC graphics cards (and the systems they are used in) now have plentiful memory to use as a backing store and this feature has mostly disappeared.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 32-bit RGBA (RGB plus alpha channel)">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="32-bit_RGBA_.28RGB_plus_alpha_channel.29">32-bit RGBA (RGB plus alpha channel)</SPAN></H4>
<P>With the need for compositing images came a variant of 24-bit RGB which includes an extra 8-bit channel for transparency, thus resulting also in a 32-bit format. The transparency channel is commonly known as the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">alpha channel</A>, so the format is named <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGBA_color_space" title="RGBA color space">RGBA</A>. Note again that since it does not change anything in the RGB model, RGBA is not a distinct color model, it is only a representation that integrates transparency information along with the color information. This extra channel allows for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blending" title="Alpha blending" class="mw-redirect">alpha blending</A> of the image over another, and is a feature of the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</A> format.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 48-bit RGB">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="48-bit_RGB">48-bit RGB</SPAN></H4>
<P>High precision color management typically uses up to 16 bits per component, resulting in <B>48 bpp</B>. This makes it possible to represent 65,536 tones of each color component instead of 256. This is primarily used in professional image editing, like Adobe <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoshop" title="Photoshop" class="mw-redirect">Photoshop</A> for maintaining greater precision when a sequence of more than one image filtering algorithms is used on the image. With only 8 bit per component, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding_error" title="Rounding error" class="mw-redirect">rounding errors</A> tend to accumulate with each filtering algorithm that is employed, distorting the end result. Sometimes also called <I>16-bit mode</I> due to the precision by component, not to be confused with 16-bit <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highcolor" title="Highcolor">Highcolor</A> which is a more limited representation (see below).</P>
<H3><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Limited representations below 24-bit RGB">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Limited_representations_below_24-bit_RGB">Limited representations below 24-bit RGB</SPAN></H3>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 16-bit RGB (Highcolor)">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="16-bit_RGB_.28Highcolor.29">16-bit RGB (Highcolor)</SPAN></H4>
<P>A 16-bit mode known as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highcolor" title="Highcolor">Highcolor</A>, in which there are either 5 bits per color, called <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_palettes#15-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB palettes">555 mode</A> (32,768 total colors), or the same with an extra bit for green (because the green component contributes most to the brightness of a color in the human eye), called <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_palettes#16-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB palettes">565 mode</A> (65,535 colors). (In general, a good RGB representation needs 1 bit more for red than blue and 1 more bit for green,<SUP id="cite_ref-cowli_19-0" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-cowli-19"><SPAN>[</SPAN>20<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP> but this can not be fully achieved within a 16-bit <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_size" title="Word size" class="mw-redirect">word</A>.) This was the high-end for some <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_adapter" title="Display adapter" class="mw-redirect">display adapters</A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</A> during the 1990s, but today is considered slightly obsolete in favour of the 24 or 32 bpp graphic modes. It is still in use in many devices with color screens as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_phone" title="Cell phone" class="mw-redirect">cell phones</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</A> (PDA) and portable <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogame_console" title="Videogame console" class="mw-redirect">videogame consoles</A>.</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: RGB arrangements for 8-bit indexed color">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_arrangements_for_8-bit_indexed_color">RGB arrangements for 8-bit indexed color</SPAN></H4>
<DIV class="thumb tright">
<DIV class="thumbinner" style="width:162px;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndexedColorSample_(Mosaic).png" class="image"><IMG alt="" src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/IndexedColorSample_(Mosaic).png" width="160" height="142" class="thumbimage"></A>
<DIV class="thumbcaption">
<DIV class="magnify"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndexedColorSample_(Mosaic).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><IMG src="./RGB color model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt=""></A></DIV>
Mosaic of image thumbnails rendered with a single shared <I>master palette</I> of 6×8×5 RGB levels plus 16 additional grays.</DIV>
</DIV>
</DIV>
<P><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_adapter" title="Display adapter" class="mw-redirect">Display adapters</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format" class="mw-redirect">image file formats</A> using <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed-color" title="Indexed-color" class="mw-redirect">indexed-color</A> techniques limit the simultaneously available colors per image up to 256, 8 bits per pixel. The selected colors are arranged into a <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)" title="Palette (computing)">palette</A>, and the actual image <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</A> values do not represent RGB triplets, but mere indices into the palette, which in turn stores the 24-bit RGB triplets for every color in the image, so colors are addressed indirectly.</P>
<P>Every image can have its own color selection (or <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_palettes#Adaptive_palettes" title="List of software palettes">adaptive palette</A>) when indexed color is employed. But this scheme has the inconvenience that two or more indexed-color images with incompatible palettes cannot be properly displayed simultaneously where the 256-color limitation is imposed by the system's hardware.</P>
<P>One solution is to use an intermediate <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)#Adaptative_vs._master_palettes" title="Palette (computing)">master palette</A> which comprises a full RGB selection with limited levels to the red, green, and blue components, in order to fit it at all within 256 color entries.</P>
<P>Usual limited RGB repertoires include 6×6×6 levels with 216 combinations (the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</A> case), 6×7×6 levels with 252 combinations, 6×8×5 levels with 240 combinations and 8×8×4 levels with the full 256 combinations (see <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_software_palettes#RGB_arrangements" title="List of software palettes">RGB arrangements</A> for samples).</P>
<H4><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 3-bit RGB">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="3-bit_RGB">3-bit RGB</SPAN></H4>
<P>The minimum RGB binary representation is <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_palettes#3-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB palettes">3-bit RGB</A>, one bit per component. Typical for early color <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">terminals</A> in the 1970s, it is still used today with the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</A> TV retrieval service.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colors in web-page design">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Colors_in_web-page_design">Colors in web-page design</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</A></DIV>
<P>Colors used in web-page design are commonly specified using RGB; see <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">web colors</A> for an explanation of how colors are used in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</A> and related languages. Initially, the limited color depth of most video hardware led to a limited color palette of 216 RGB colors, defined by the Netscape Color Cube. However, with the predominance of 24-bit displays, the use of the full 16.7 million colors of the HTML RGB color code no longer poses problems for most viewers.</P>
<P>In short, the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors" title="Web colors">web-safe color</A> palette consists of the 216 (6<SUP>3</SUP>) combinations of red, green, and blue where each color can take one of six values (in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</A>): #00, #33, #66, #99, #CC or #FF (based on the 0 to 255 range for each value discussed above). These hexadecimal values = 0, 51, 102, 153, 204, 255 in decimal, which = 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100% in terms of intensity. This seems fine for splitting up 216 colors into a cube of dimension 6. However, lacking <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_correction" title="Gamma correction">gamma correction</A>, the perceived intensity on a standard 2.5 gamma CRT / LCD is only: 0%, 2%, 10%, 28%, 57%, 100%. See the actual <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_colors#Web-safe_colors" title="Web colors">web safe color</A> palette for a visual confirmation that the majority of the colors produced are very dark, or see <A href="http://xona.com/colorlist/" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Xona.com Color List</A> for a side by side comparison of proper colors next to their equivalent lacking proper gamma correction.</P>
<P>The RGB color model for HTML was formally adopted as an Internet standard in <A href="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32" class="external text" rel="nofollow">HTML 3.2</A>, however it had been in use for some time before that.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Color management">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="Color_management">Color management</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</A></DIV>
<P>Proper reproduction of colors, especially in professional environments, requires color management of all the devices involved in the production process, many of them using RGB. Color management results in several transparent conversions between device-independent and device-dependent <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</A> (RGB and others, as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</A> for color printing) during a typical production cycle, in order to ensure color consistency throughout the process. Along with the creative processing, such interventions on digital images can damage the color accuracy and image detail, especially where the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</A> is reduced. Professional digital devices and software tools allow for 48 bpp (bits per pixel) images to be manipulated (16 bits per channel), to minimize any such damage.</P>
<P>ICC-compliant applications, such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</A>, use either the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space" title="Lab color space">Lab color space</A> or the <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE 1931 color space</A> as a <I>Profile Connection Space</I> when <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_translation" title="Color translation" class="mw-redirect">translating</A> between color spaces.<SUP id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_note-20"><SPAN>[</SPAN>21<SPAN>]</SPAN></A></SUP></P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: RGB model and luminance&ndash;chrominance formats relationship">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="RGB_model_and_luminance.E2.80.93chrominance_formats_relationship">RGB model and luminance–chrominance formats relationship</SPAN></H2>
<P>All <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminance_(relative)" title="Luminance (relative)">luminance</A>–<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</A> formats used in the different TV and video standards such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUV" title="YUV">YUV</A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</A>, <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YD<SUB>B</SUB>D<SUB>R</SUB></A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</A>, and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YP<SUB>B</SUB>P<SUB>R</SUB></A> for <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</A> use color difference signals, by which RGB color images can be encoded for broadcasting/recording and later decoded into RGB again to display them. These intermediate formats were needed for compatibility with pre-existent black-and-white TV formats. Also, those color difference signals need lower data <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</A> compared to full RGB signals.</P>
<P>Similarly, current high-efficiency digital color image <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</A> schemes such as <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</A> and <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG" title="MPEG" class="mw-redirect">MPEG</A> store RGB color internally in <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YC<SUB>B</SUB>C<SUB>R</SUB></A> format, a digital luminance-chrominance format based on YP<SUB>B</SUB>P<SUB>R</SUB>. The use of YC<SUB>B</SUB>C<SUB>R</SUB> also allows to perform <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy" title="Lossy" class="mw-redirect">lossy</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">subsampling</A> with the chroma channels (typically to 4:2:2 or 4:1:1 ratios), which it aids to reduce the resultant file size.</P>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_banding" title="Colour banding">Color banding</A></LI>
<LI><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCART" title="SCART">SCART</A> connector</LI>
<LI><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</A></LI>
<LI><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_palettes" title="List of palettes" class="mw-redirect">List of palettes</A></LI>
</UL>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="References">References</SPAN></H2>
<DIV class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<OL class="references">
<LI id="cite_note-0"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-0">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Charles A. Poynton (2003). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ra1lcAwgvq4C&pg=RA1-PA234&dq=wavelength+beams+additive&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=Pj_fR_uSFYbktAPs_rHxAQ&sig=1FcBF7Soo3r8ZHG1gS75fDDGjX8" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Digital Video and HDTV: Algorithms and Interfaces</A></I>. Morgan Kaufmann<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ra1lcAwgvq4C&pg=RA1-PA234&dq=wavelength+beams+additive&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=Pj_fR_uSFYbktAPs_rHxAQ&sig=1FcBF7Soo3r8ZHG1gS75fDDGjX8" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=ra1lcAwgvq4C&amp;pg=RA1-PA234&amp;dq=wavelength+beams+additive&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=Pj_fR_uSFYbktAPs_rHxAQ&amp;sig=1FcBF7Soo3r8ZHG1gS75fDDGjX8</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Digital+Video+and+HDTV%3A+Algorithms+and+Interfaces&amp;rft.aulast=Charles+A.+Poynton&amp;rft.au=Charles+A.+Poynton&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra1lcAwgvq4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA234%26dq%3Dwavelength%2Bbeams%2Badditive%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D3%26ei%3DPj_fR_uSFYbktAPs_rHxAQ%26sig%3D1FcBF7Soo3r8ZHG1gS75fDDGjX8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-1"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-1">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Nicholas Boughen (2003). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Xsq4JiSssMoC&pg=PA216&dq=additive-color&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=V7LeR8aGN6butAO5hMjwAQ&sig=2h6YHKM608DuFvvcsnLNPkWeMzU" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Lightwave 3d 7.5 Lighting</A></I>. Wordware Publishing, Inc<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Xsq4JiSssMoC&pg=PA216&dq=additive-color&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=V7LeR8aGN6butAO5hMjwAQ&sig=2h6YHKM608DuFvvcsnLNPkWeMzU" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=Xsq4JiSssMoC&amp;pg=PA216&amp;dq=additive-color&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=0&amp;ei=V7LeR8aGN6butAO5hMjwAQ&amp;sig=2h6YHKM608DuFvvcsnLNPkWeMzU</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lightwave+3d+7.5+Lighting&amp;rft.aulast=Nicholas+Boughen&amp;rft.au=Nicholas+Boughen&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Wordware+Publishing%2C+Inc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsq4JiSssMoC%26pg%3DPA216%26dq%3Dadditive-color%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D0%26ei%3DV7LeR8aGN6butAO5hMjwAQ%26sig%3D2h6YHKM608DuFvvcsnLNPkWeMzU&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-RWGHunt-2">^ <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-0"><SUP><I><B>a</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-1"><SUP><I><B>b</B></I></SUP></A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-RWGHunt_2-2"><SUP><I><B>c</B></I></SUP></A> <SPAN class="citation book">R. W. G. Hunt (2004). <I>The Reproduction of Colour</I> (6th ed.). Chichester UK: Wiley–IS&amp;T Series in Imaging Science and Technology. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470024259" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-470-02425-9</A>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Reproduction+of+Colour&amp;rft.aulast=R.+W.+G.+Hunt&amp;rft.au=R.+W.+G.+Hunt&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.edition=6th&amp;rft.place=Chichester+UK&amp;rft.pub=Wiley%E2%80%93IS%26T+Series+in+Imaging+Science+and+Technology&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-02425-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-3"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-3">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Robert Hirsch (2004). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4Gx2WItWGYoC&pg=PA28&dq=maxwell+additive+color+photograph+register&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=-K6BR-TrBYGmswP6jqHDCw&sig=KzP8phk345XPVijOyYR_KlffeXc#PPA28,M1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Exploring Colour Photography: A Complete Guide</A></I>. Laurence King Publishing. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1856694208" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1856694208</A><SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=4Gx2WItWGYoC&pg=PA28&dq=maxwell+additive+color+photograph+register&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=-K6BR-TrBYGmswP6jqHDCw&sig=KzP8phk345XPVijOyYR_KlffeXc#PPA28,M1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=4Gx2WItWGYoC&amp;pg=PA28&amp;dq=maxwell+additive+color+photograph+register&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=0&amp;ei=-K6BR-TrBYGmswP6jqHDCw&amp;sig=KzP8phk345XPVijOyYR_KlffeXc#PPA28,M1</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Exploring+Colour+Photography%3A+A+Complete+Guide&amp;rft.aulast=Robert+Hirsch&amp;rft.au=Robert+Hirsch&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&amp;rft.isbn=1856694208&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Gx2WItWGYoC%26pg%3DPA28%26dq%3Dmaxwell%2Badditive%2Bcolor%2Bphotograph%2Bregister%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D0%26ei%3D-K6BR-TrBYGmswP6jqHDCw%26sig%3DKzP8phk345XPVijOyYR_KlffeXc%23PPA28%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-loc-4"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-loc_4-0">^</A></B> <A href="http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Photographer to the Tsar: Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii</A> Library of Congress.</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-5"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-5">^</A></B> <A href="http://www.artfacts.org/artinfo/articals/evercolor.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">The Evolution of Color Pigment Printing</A></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-6"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-6">^</A></B> John Logie Baird, <A href="http://www.google.com/patents?id=JRVAAAAAEBAJ" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Television Apparatus and the Like</A>, U.S. patent, filed in U.K. in 1928.</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-7"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-7">^</A></B> Baird Television: <A href="http://www.bairdtelevision.com/crystalpalace.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Crystal Palace Television Studios</A>. Previous color television demonstrations in the U.K. and U.S. had been via closed circuit.</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-8"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-8">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation news">"<A href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F6385A11728DDDA90B94D0405B8088F1D3" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Color Television Success in Test</A>". <I>NY Times</I>: p.&nbsp;21. 1940-08-30<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F6385A11728DDDA90B94D0405B8088F1D3" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F6385A11728DDDA90B94D0405B8088F1D3</A></SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-12</SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Color+Television+Success+in+Test&amp;rft.jtitle=NY+Times&amp;rft.date=1940-08-30&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFA0C15F6385A11728DDDA90B94D0405B8088F1D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-9"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-9">^</A></B> "<A href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/wsj/access/107348215.html?dids=107348215:107348215&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Sep+5%2C+1940" class="external text" rel="nofollow">CBS Demonstrates Full Color Television</A>," <I>Wall Street Journal</I>, Sept. 5, 1940, p. 1.</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-10"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-10">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation news">"<A href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20911FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Television Hearing Set</A>". <I>NY Times</I>: p.&nbsp;26. 1940-11-13<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20911FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20911FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3</A></SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-05-12</SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Television+Hearing+Set&amp;rft.jtitle=NY+Times&amp;rft.date=1940-11-13&amp;rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF20911FA3C5C10728DDDAA0994D9415B8088F1D3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-11"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-11">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Morton, David L. (1999). "<A href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/entertainment/Chapter2.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Television Broadcasting</A>". <I>A History of Electronic Entertainment Since 1945</I>. IEEE. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0780399366" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7803-9936-6</A><SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/entertainment/Chapter2.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_center/publications/entertainment/Chapter2.pdf</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Television+Broadcasting&amp;rft.atitle=A+History+of+Electronic+Entertainment+Since+1945&amp;rft.aulast=Morton&amp;rft.aufirst=David+L.&amp;rft.au=Morton%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+L.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pub=IEEE&amp;rft.isbn=0-7803-9936-6&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fportal%2Fcms_docs_iportals%2Fiportals%2Faboutus%2Fhistory_center%2Fpublications%2Fentertainment%2FChapter2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-12"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-12">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Steve Wright (2006). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IpSRykrRamgC&pg=PA265&ots=psmPVWAJtK&dq=display+gamma+2.2+0.5&sig=eVscoBjp0EZoGsLSVtMNkZtuRyI#PPA265,M1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Digital Compositing for Film and Video</A></I>. Focal Press. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/024080760X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 024080760X</A><SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IpSRykrRamgC&pg=PA265&ots=psmPVWAJtK&dq=display+gamma+2.2+0.5&sig=eVscoBjp0EZoGsLSVtMNkZtuRyI#PPA265,M1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=IpSRykrRamgC&amp;pg=PA265&amp;ots=psmPVWAJtK&amp;dq=display+gamma+2.2+0.5&amp;sig=eVscoBjp0EZoGsLSVtMNkZtuRyI#PPA265,M1</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Digital+Compositing+for+Film+and+Video&amp;rft.aulast=Steve+Wright&amp;rft.au=Steve+Wright&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Focal+Press&amp;rft.isbn=024080760X&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpSRykrRamgC%26pg%3DPA265%26ots%3DpsmPVWAJtK%26dq%3Ddisplay%2Bgamma%2B2.2%2B0.5%26sig%3DeVscoBjp0EZoGsLSVtMNkZtuRyI%23PPA265%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-13"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-13">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Edwin Paul J. Tozer (2004). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DL73f4vFeEwC&pg=PA179&dq=rgb++gamma+assumed&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=mwvQR50Hmb6zA-CI0KQF&sig=TgFR2jnLR5QhA7itDo2mHXdXfpQ#PPA180,M1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Broadcast Engineer's Reference Book</A></I>. Elsevier<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DL73f4vFeEwC&pg=PA179&dq=rgb++gamma+assumed&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=mwvQR50Hmb6zA-CI0KQF&sig=TgFR2jnLR5QhA7itDo2mHXdXfpQ#PPA180,M1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=DL73f4vFeEwC&amp;pg=PA179&amp;dq=rgb++gamma+assumed&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;ei=mwvQR50Hmb6zA-CI0KQF&amp;sig=TgFR2jnLR5QhA7itDo2mHXdXfpQ#PPA180,M1</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Broadcast+Engineer%27s+Reference+Book&amp;rft.aulast=Edwin+Paul+J.+Tozer&amp;rft.au=Edwin+Paul+J.+Tozer&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDL73f4vFeEwC%26pg%3DPA179%26dq%3Drgb%2B%2Bgamma%2Bassumed%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D3%26ei%3DmwvQR50Hmb6zA-CI0KQF%26sig%3DTgFR2jnLR5QhA7itDo2mHXdXfpQ%23PPA180%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-14"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-14">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Bernice Ellen Rogowitz and Thrasyvoulos N. Pappas (1998). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zPdRAAAAMAAJ&q=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&dq=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=UwzQR8GpI42msgO0_oylBQ&pgis=1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Human Vision and Electronic Imaging III</A></I>. SPIE<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=zPdRAAAAMAAJ&q=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&dq=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=UwzQR8GpI42msgO0_oylBQ&pgis=1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=zPdRAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&amp;dq=gamma+assumed+rgb+100%25&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=0&amp;ei=UwzQR8GpI42msgO0_oylBQ&amp;pgis=1</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Human+Vision+and+Electronic+Imaging+III&amp;rft.aulast=Bernice+Ellen+Rogowitz+and+Thrasyvoulos+N.+Pappas&amp;rft.au=Bernice+Ellen+Rogowitz+and+Thrasyvoulos+N.+Pappas&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.pub=SPIE&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPdRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgamma%2Bassumed%2Brgb%2B100%2525%26dq%3Dgamma%2Bassumed%2Brgb%2B100%2525%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D0%26ei%3DUwzQR8GpI42msgO0_oylBQ%26pgis%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-15"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-15">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation web">"<A href="http://doc.51windows.net/Directx9_SDK/?url=/Directx9_SDK/graphics/programmingguide/advancedtopics/gamma/gamma.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Gamma</A>"<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://doc.51windows.net/Directx9_SDK/?url=/Directx9_SDK/graphics/programmingguide/advancedtopics/gamma/gamma.htm" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://doc.51windows.net/Directx9_SDK/?url=/Directx9_SDK/graphics/programmingguide/advancedtopics/gamma/gamma.htm</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Gamma&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.51windows.net%2FDirectx9_SDK%2F%3Furl%3D%2FDirectx9_SDK%2Fgraphics%2Fprogrammingguide%2Fadvancedtopics%2Fgamma%2Fgamma.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-16"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-16">^</A></B> <A href="http://www.rags-int-inc.com/PhotoTechStuff/ColorCalculator/AdobeMath.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">About roundoff errors in color conversion in Adobe tools.</A></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-17"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-17">^</A></B> <A href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/archive/default.asp?url=/archive/en-us/dnargdi/html/msdn_palette.asp" class="external text" rel="nofollow">About Microsoft Windows and palettes</A>.</LI>
<LI id="cite_note-18"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-18">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation book">Wladyslaw Wadysaw (ed.) (2001). <I><A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5bS4NTsx370C&pg=PA88&dq=rgb+255+round+error+accumulation&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=tDTER8eKC57-swP_ubWxCA&sig=XpZObbRVxJinweyAWcwinwcQya0#PPA88,M1" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns: 9th International Conference, CAIP 2001</A></I>. Springer. <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3540425136" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3540425136</A><SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://books.google.com/books?id=5bS4NTsx370C&pg=PA88&dq=rgb+255+round+error+accumulation&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=tDTER8eKC57-swP_ubWxCA&sig=XpZObbRVxJinweyAWcwinwcQya0#PPA88,M1" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://books.google.com/books?id=5bS4NTsx370C&amp;pg=PA88&amp;dq=rgb+255+round+error+accumulation&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=0&amp;ei=tDTER8eKC57-swP_ubWxCA&amp;sig=XpZObbRVxJinweyAWcwinwcQya0#PPA88,M1</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Computer+Analysis+of+Images+and+Patterns%3A+9th+International+Conference%2C+CAIP+2001&amp;rft.aulast=Wladyslaw+Wadysaw+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.au=Wladyslaw+Wadysaw+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.isbn=3540425136&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5bS4NTsx370C%26pg%3DPA88%26dq%3Drgb%2B255%2Bround%2Berror%2Baccumulation%26lr%3D%26as_brr%3D0%26ei%3DtDTER8eKC57-swP_ubWxCA%26sig%3DXpZObbRVxJinweyAWcwinwcQya0%23PPA88%2CM1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-cowli-19"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-cowli_19-0">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Cowlishaw" title="Mike Cowlishaw">Cowlishaw, M. F.</A> (1985). "<A href="http://www.cary.demon.co.uk/buss/cowlishaw1985-fundamental.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Fundamental requirements for picture presentation</A>" (PDF). <I>Proc. Society for Information Display</I> <B>26</B> (2): 101–107<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://www.cary.demon.co.uk/buss/cowlishaw1985-fundamental.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.cary.demon.co.uk/buss/cowlishaw1985-fundamental.pdf</A></SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Fundamental+requirements+for+picture+presentation&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc.+Society+for+Information+Display&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BMike+Cowlishaw%7CCowlishaw%2C+M.+F.%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BMike+Cowlishaw%7CCowlishaw%2C+M.+F.%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.volume=26&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=101%E2%80%93107&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cary.demon.co.uk%2Fbuss%2Fcowlishaw1985-fundamental.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
<LI id="cite_note-20"><B><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model#cite_ref-20">^</A></B> <SPAN class="citation web">ICC. "<A href="http://www.color.org/whycolormanagement.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Why Color Management?</A>"<SPAN class="printonly">. <A href="http://www.color.org/whycolormanagement.pdf" class="external free" rel="nofollow">http://www.color.org/whycolormanagement.pdf</A></SPAN><SPAN class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2008-04-16</SPAN>.  "The two PCS's in the ICC system are CIE-XYZ and CIELAB"</SPAN><SPAN class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Color+Management%3F&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=ICC&amp;rft.au=ICC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.color.org%2Fwhycolormanagement.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:RGB_color_model"><SPAN style="display: none;">&nbsp;</SPAN></SPAN></LI>
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</DIV>
<H2><SPAN class="editsection">[<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RGB_color_model&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</A>]</SPAN> <SPAN class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</SPAN></H2>
<UL>
<LI><A href="http://www.cs.rit.edu/~ncs/color/a_spaces.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow">Demonstrative color conversion applet</A></LI>
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<DIV class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Color_space" title="Template:Color space"><SPAN title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Color_space" title="Template talk:Color space"><SPAN title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Color_space&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><SPAN title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</SPAN></A></DIV>
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<SPAN class="" style="font-size:110%;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</A></SPAN></TH>
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<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</A><SPAN style="font-weight:bold;">&nbsp;·</SPAN> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color models</A></TD>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">CIE</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
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<P><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">XYZ</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab_color_space" title="Lab color space">L*a*b*</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIELUV_color_space" title="CIELUV color space">L*u*v*</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1960_color_space" title="CIE 1960 color space">Yuv</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIE_1964_color_space" title="CIE 1964 color space">U*V*W*</A></SPAN></P>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><STRONG class="selflink">RGB</STRONG></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em">
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<P><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_space" title="RGB color space">color spaces</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe RGB color space">Adobe</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Wide_Gamut_RGB_color_space" title="Adobe Wide Gamut RGB color space">Adobe Wide Gamut</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProPhoto_RGB_color_space" title="ProPhoto RGB color space">ProPhoto</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScRGB_color_space" title="ScRGB color space" class="mw-redirect">scRGB</A></SPAN></P>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUV" title="YUV">YUV</A></TD>
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<P><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YUV" title="YUV">YUV</A> <SMALL>(<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</A>)</SMALL>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YDbDr" title="YDbDr">YDbDr</A> <SMALL>(<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</A>)</SMALL>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQ" title="YIQ">YIQ</A> <SMALL>(<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</A>)</SMALL>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XvYCC" title="XvYCC">xvYCC</A></SPAN></P>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Other</TD>
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<P><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_color_space" title="LMS color space">LMS</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL, HSV</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexachrome" title="Hexachrome">Hexachrome</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RYB_color_model" title="RYB color model">RYB</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAL_(color_space_system)" title="RAL (color space system)">RAL</A><BR>
<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSA-UCS" title="OSA-UCS">OSA-UCS</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloroid" title="Coloroid">Coloroid</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG_color_space" title="RG color space">RG</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostwald_color_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostwald color system (page does not exist)">Ostwald</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DIN_color_chart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIN color chart (page does not exist)">DIN</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Practical_Color_Coordinate_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Practical Color Coordinate System (page does not exist)">PCCS</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABC_Tone_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABC Tone System (page does not exist)">ABC</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designer%27s_Color_Atlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Designer&#39;s Color Atlas (page does not exist)">DCA</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JIS_Z8102&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JIS Z8102 (page does not exist)">JIS Z8102</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ISCC-NBS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISCC-NBS (page does not exist)">ISCC-NBS</A> <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_color" title="Imaginary color">Imaginary color</A></SPAN></P>
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<TD class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2">See <A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Color_vision" title="Template:Color vision">color vision</A> for the vision capacities of organisms or machines.</TD>
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<DIV class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;;;border:none;; font-size:xx-small;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><SPAN title="View this template" style=";;border:none;">v</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><SPAN title="Discuss this template" style=";;border:none;">d</SPAN></A>&nbsp;<SPAN style="font-size:80%;">•</SPAN>&nbsp;<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Photography&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow"><SPAN title="Edit this template" style=";;border:none;;">e</SPAN></A></DIV>
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<SPAN class="" style="font-size:110%;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</A></SPAN></TH>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Technical terms</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view" title="Angle of view">Angle of view</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion_(photography)" title="Perspective distortion (photography)">Perspective distortion</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processes" title="Photographic processes" class="mw-redirect">Photographic processes</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_system" title="Zone system">Zone system</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Genres</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black and White</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_photography" title="Commercial photography" class="mw-redirect">Commercial</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudscape_(photography)" title="Cloudscape (photography)" class="mw-redirect">Cloudscape</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_erotic_photography" title="History of erotic photography">Erotic</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art_photography" title="Fine art photography">Fine art</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_speed_photography" title="High speed photography">High speed</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_portraits" title="Senior portraits">Senior</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Techniques</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Film developing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Shutter" title="Harris Shutter" class="mw-redirect">Harris Shutter</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_printing" title="Push printing">Push printing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_Effect" title="Sabatier Effect" class="mw-redirect">Sabatier Effect</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_Down" title="Stopping Down" class="mw-redirect">Stopping Down</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt-shift_photography" title="Tilt-shift photography">Tilt-shift</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</A></TD>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)#Geometry_and_symmetry" title="Composition (visual arts)">Geometry and symmetry</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(photography)" title="Framing (photography)" class="mw-redirect">Framing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Equipment</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">Pinhole</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">Rangefinder</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_camera" title="Still camera">Still</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">View</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">Enlarger</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">Safelight</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">Base</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Format</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">Holder</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">Stock</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_lens" title="Photographic lens">Photographic lens</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</A></TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumi&egrave;re">Autochrome Lumière</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photographic technology</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</A></TD>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">Digital back</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_sharing" title="Photo sharing">Photo sharing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_versus_film_photography" title="Digital versus film photography">Digital and film compared</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS_APS" title="CMOS APS" class="mw-redirect">CMOS APS</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD" title="Three-CCD">Three-CCD</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3" title="Foveon X3" class="mw-redirect">Foveon X3</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</A></TD>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB" title="RGB" class="mw-redirect">RGB</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK" title="CMYK" class="mw-redirect">CMYK</A>)&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_film" title="Color film" class="mw-redirect">Color film</A> (<A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Slide</A>)</SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic processing</A></TD>
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<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</A> &nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</A> &nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</A></SPAN></DIV>
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<TD class="navbox-group" style=";;">Other topics</TD>
<TD style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even">
<DIV style="padding:0em 0.25em"><SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin-silver_process" title="Gelatin-silver process">Gelatin-silver process</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomography" title="Lomography">Lomography</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Photography_museums_and_galleries" title="Category:Photography museums and galleries">Photography museums and galleries (category)</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</A>&nbsp;<B>·</B></SPAN> <SPAN style="white-space:nowrap"><A href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</A></SPAN></DIV>
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